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What does the interface become when a model is on the other side?

Everyone on record here agrees that the text box was the door and that it is a bad room. Some expect the interface to disappear altogether, replaced by stated intent and by agents that use the software for us; some expect the buttons to survive, married to the model, because a screen shows what can be done and prose does not. A third argument is older than the model: that the real failure of our interfaces is the glass itself, and what our hands could do instead. Dated, in their own words.

44 dated claims from 13 people · 4 views · most recent 28 Aug 2026. Every line below links to the person’s own words.

The views

What is a view?

Our reading of what a group of claims have in common, one level above a korrent: a korrent is our reading of what somebody said, a view is our reading of what several korrents share. The claims are printed under it, so the sentence can be checked against them.

Nobody is filed under a view — claims are. A person is named here because a dated claim of theirs sits under it, and somebody whose claims sit under two views appears under both.

  1. Chat is a terrible interface: a blank box has no affordances and leaves the work to the user

    Peter SteinbergerMitchell HashimotoLuke WroblewskiJulie ZhuoJakob NielsenAmelia Wattenberger

  2. The interface is going away: the user states an intent, and agents and generated interfaces do the rest

    Guillermo RauchNaval RavikantJakob NielsenLuke WroblewskiSundar PichaiBret Victor

  3. The buttons survive: chat gets married to controls, because showing what can be done still wins

    Luke WroblewskiJulie ZhuoJakob NielsenBret Victor

  4. The failure is the glass itself: hands, materials and physical feedback are what an interface owes us

    Sundar PichaiSebastiaan de WithCraig ModBret Victor

A viewour reading

Chat is a terrible interface: a blank box has no affordances and leaves the work to the user

12 claims filed here, newest first — each in the words of whoever said it.

The chat box is not the final form of working with models; it is radio shows recorded onto television.

  1. Peter Steinberger Like, if you think more globally, we are, we copied Google for agents. You have, like, a prompt, and, and then you have a chat interface. That, to me, very much feels like when we first created television and then people recorded radio shows on television and you saw that on TV. 1:50:06 · youtube.com

    Founded PSPDFKit in 2011 and ran it for a decade

    Like, if you think more globally, we are, we copied Google for agents. You have, like, a prompt, and, and then you have a chat interface. That, to me, very much feels like when we first created television and then people recorded radio shows on television and you saw that on TV.

Chatbot interfaces are the wrong tool for meaningful coding work, because you are mostly hoping the model recalls the right answer and correcting it requires a human in the loop.

  1. Mitchell Hashimoto Immediately cease trying to perform meaningful work via a chatbot (e.g. ChatGPT, Gemini on the web, etc.). Chatbots have real value and are a daily part of my AI workflow, but their utility in coding is highly limited because you're mostly hoping they come up with the right results based on their prior training, and correcting them involves a human (you) to tell them they're wrong repeatedly. mitchellh.com

    Creator of Ghostty and co-founder of Superlogical

    Immediately cease trying to perform meaningful work via a chatbot (e.g. ChatGPT, Gemini on the web, etc.). Chatbots have real value and are a daily part of my AI workflow, but their utility in coding is highly limited because you're mostly hoping they come up with the right results based on their prior training, and correcting them involves a human (you) to tell them they're wrong repeatedly.

A blank chat box is lazy: it violates the first rule of a good user experience, that it is obvious what you can do.

  1. Julie Zhuo The problem with a blank chat box on a blank page is that it violates the first rule of a high-quality user experience: it isn’t obvious what I can do. lg.substack.com

    Co-founder of Sundial; former vice president of product…

    The problem with a blank chat box on a blank page is that it violates the first rule of a high-quality user experience: it isn’t obvious what I can do.

Conversational interfaces get to the first seventy percent quickly and are bad at iteration; the future is chat married to traditional direct-manipulation controls.

  1. Julie Zhuo Conversational UIs are great at quickly getting to the first 70%, but suck at offering easy controls over narrower areas for iteration. lg.substack.com

    Co-founder of Sundial; former vice president of product…

    Conversational UIs are great at quickly getting to the first 70%, but suck at offering easy controls over narrower areas for iteration.

Half the population in rich countries is not articulate enough in writing to use prompt-driven AI well.

  1. Jakob Nielsen For sure, half the population is insufficiently articulate in writing to use ChatGPT well. jakobnielsenphd.substack.com

    Usability pioneer; co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group and…

    For sure, half the population is insufficiently articulate in writing to use ChatGPT well.

Graphical interfaces have superior usability because they show people what can be done rather than requiring them to articulate what they want.

  1. Jakob Nielsen GUIs have superior usability because they show people what can be done rather than requiring them to articulate what they want. jakobnielsenphd.substack.com

    Usability pioneer; co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group and…

    GUIs have superior usability because they show people what can be done rather than requiring them to articulate what they want.

Today's chat-based AI tools have deep-rooted usability problems and are not the interfaces we will be using in a few years; prompt engineering is a symptom, not a career.

  1. Jakob Nielsen I doubt that the current set of generative AI tools, like ChatGPT, Bard, etc., are representative of the UIs we’ll be using in a few years because they have deep-rooted usability problems. jakobnielsenphd.substack.com

    Usability pioneer; co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group and…

    I doubt that the current set of generative AI tools, like ChatGPT, Bard, etc., are representative of the UIs we’ll be using in a few years because they have deep-rooted usability problems.

Chatbots are a terrible interface for large language models, because a text box has no affordances.

  1. Amelia Wattenberger by Hopefully I've convinced you that chatbots are a terrible interface for LLMs. Or, at the very least, that we can add controls, information, and affordances to our chatbot interfaces to make them more usable. wattenberger.com

    Designer and engineer; formerly principal research…

    Hopefully I've convinced you that chatbots are a terrible interface for LLMs. Or, at the very least, that we can add controls, information, and affordances to our chatbot interfaces to make them more usable.

Good tools make it clear how they should be used and how they should not; a chat box looks the same as a search box, a login form and a credit card field.

  1. Amelia Wattenberger by Good tools make it clear how they should be used. And more importantly, how they should not be used. wattenberger.com

    Designer and engineer; formerly principal research…

    Good tools make it clear how they should be used. And more importantly, how they should not be used.

Good tools let the user choose when to switch between implementing and evaluating; a chatbot forces the switch every few seconds and kills flow.

  1. Amelia Wattenberger by Good tools let the user choose when to switch between implementation and evaluation. When I work with a chatbot, I'm forced to frequently switch between the two modes. wattenberger.com

    Designer and engineer; formerly principal research…

    Good tools let the user choose when to switch between implementation and evaluation. When I work with a chatbot, I'm forced to frequently switch between the two modes.

We should want more tools and fewer operated machines; the real AI game changers will have little to do with plain content generation.

  1. Amelia Wattenberger by I want to see more tools and fewer operated machines - we should be embracing our humanity instead of blindly improving efficiency. And that involves using our new AI technology in more deft ways than generating more content for humans to evaluate. I believe the real game changers are going to have very little to do with plain content generation. wattenberger.com

    Designer and engineer; formerly principal research…

    I want to see more tools and fewer operated machines - we should be embracing our humanity instead of blindly improving efficiency. And that involves using our new AI technology in more deft ways than generating more content for humans to evaluate. I believe the real game changers are going to have very little to do with plain content generation.

A viewour reading

The interface is going away: the user states an intent, and agents and generated interfaces do the rest

12 claims filed here, newest first — each in the words of whoever said it.

The middle of the web gets subsumed by agents producing just-in-time UI: the agent is the new browser.

  1. Guillermo Rauch The 'in between' is likely to be subsumed by agents producing just-in-time UI. When you need utilitarian content or data, it'll be generated just-in-time for you. Think of the agent as the new browser in this model. x.com

    CEO of Vercel; creator of Next.js and Socket.IO

    The 'in between' is likely to be subsumed by agents producing just-in-time UI. When you need utilitarian content or data, it'll be generated just-in-time for you. Think of the agent as the new browser in this model.

    @rauchg on Xx.com

The winning system of the next decade will be the one that best understands the user's job to be done and shows what it is about to do, not the one with the prettiest buttons or fewest screens.

  1. Jakob Nielsen The winning system of the next decade will not be the one with the most aesthetically pleasing buttons, nor will it be the one with the fewest screens. It will be the system that best understands the human’s “job to be done,” autonomously selects the right tools on their behalf, clearly shows the user what is about to happen, and gracefully recovers when the user’s context is incomplete or ambiguous. jakobnielsenphd.substack.com

    Usability pioneer; co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group and…

    The winning system of the next decade will not be the one with the most aesthetically pleasing buttons, nor will it be the one with the fewest screens. It will be the system that best understands the human’s “job to be done,” autonomously selects the right tools on their behalf, clearly shows the user what is about to happen, and gracefully recovers when the user’s context is incomplete or ambiguous.

When applications can generate capabilities on demand, a product's features are what users ask for in the next session, not what shipped in the last release.

  1. Luke Wroblewski When applications can generate capabilities on demand, the definition of "what this product does" becomes more fluid. Features aren't just what shipped in the last release, they're also what users will ask for in the next session. lukew.com

    Product designer and entrepreneur

    When applications can generate capabilities on demand, the definition of "what this product does" becomes more fluid. Features aren't just what shipped in the last release, they're also what users will ask for in the next session.

Web forms make people adapt to databases; AI flips this so people can provide information in any form they like, and no form is the best kind of web form design.

  1. Luke Wroblewski With Web forms, the burden is on people to adapt to databases. Today's AI models, however, can flip this requirement. That is, they allow people to provide information in whatever form they like and use AI do the work necessary to put that information into the right structure for a database. lukew.com

    Product designer and entrepreneur

    With Web forms, the burden is on people to adapt to databases. Today's AI models, however, can flip this requirement. That is, they allow people to provide information in whatever form they like and use AI do the work necessary to put that information into the right structure for a database.

Models that can code should be allowed to write their own interfaces, instead of being boxed into the UI humans give them.

  1. Sundar Pichai Today, we are constraining the models, the models can't quite express themselves in terms of the UI to people. But if you think about it, we've kind of boxed them in that way, but given these models can code, they should be able to write the best interfaces to express their ideas over time. 0:43:02 · youtube.com

    CEO of Google and Alphabet

    Today, we are constraining the models, the models can't quite express themselves in terms of the UI to people. But if you think about it, we've kind of boxed them in that way, but given these models can code, they should be able to write the best interfaces to express their ideas over time.

UX does not die when the interface disappears; it becomes the design of policies, protocols and orchestration of what AI does on the user's behalf.

  1. Jakob Nielsen So no, UX doesn’t die; it metamorphoses. We’ll still craft humane experiences, but increasingly through policies, protocols, and orchestrations rather than panels and palettes. jakobnielsenphd.substack.com

    Usability pioneer; co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group and…

    So no, UX doesn’t die; it metamorphoses. We’ll still craft humane experiences, but increasingly through policies, protocols, and orchestrations rather than panels and palettes.

AI agents will end traditional UI design and accessibility, because users will stop visiting websites and act only through their agent.

  1. Jakob Nielsen Once, humans navigated the web manually. In the future, AI agents will act on our behalf, browsing, clicking, and deciding. This shift marks the end of traditional UI design and accessibility, ushering in a future where agents are the primary users of digital services. jakobnielsenphd.substack.com

    Usability pioneer; co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group and…

    Once, humans navigated the web manually. In the future, AI agents will act on our behalf, browsing, clicking, and deciding. This shift marks the end of traditional UI design and accessibility, ushering in a future where agents are the primary users of digital services.

Accessibility has failed as a way to make computers usable for disabled users, after thirty years of trying.

  1. Jakob Nielsen Accessibility has failed as a way to make computers usable for disabled users. My metrics for usable design are the same whether the user is disabled or not: whether it’s easy to learn the system, whether productivity is high when performing tasks, and whether the design is pleasant — even enjoyable — to use. jakobnielsenphd.substack.com

    Usability pioneer; co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group and…

    Accessibility has failed as a way to make computers usable for disabled users. My metrics for usable design are the same whether the user is disabled or not: whether it’s easy to learn the system, whether productivity is high when performing tasks, and whether the design is pleasant — even enjoyable — to use.

Within about five years the user interface will be generated afresh each time a user opens an app, so different users will get drastically different designs.

  1. Jakob Nielsen I foresee a much more radical approach to generative UI to emerge shortly — maybe in 5 years or so. In this second-generation generative UI, the user interface is generated afresh every time the user accesses the app. Most important, this means that different users will get drastically different designs. jakobnielsenphd.substack.com

    Usability pioneer; co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group and…

    I foresee a much more radical approach to generative UI to emerge shortly — maybe in 5 years or so. In this second-generation generative UI, the user interface is generated afresh every time the user accesses the app. Most important, this means that different users will get drastically different designs.

AI is the first new user-interface paradigm in sixty years: intent-based outcome specification, where the user says what outcome they want rather than how to get it.

  1. Jakob Nielsen The third UI paradigm, represented by current generative AI, is intent-based outcome specification. The user tells the computer the desired result but does not specify how this outcome should be accomplished, such as the steps to be executed. Compared to traditional command-based interaction design, this completely reverses the locus of control. jakobnielsenphd.substack.com

    Usability pioneer; co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group and…

    The third UI paradigm, represented by current generative AI, is intent-based outcome specification. The user tells the computer the desired result but does not specify how this outcome should be accomplished, such as the steps to be executed. Compared to traditional command-based interaction design, this completely reverses the locus of control.

For most software, interactivity is a curse for users and a crutch for designers.

From 2006, seventeen years before the model: it argued that most software should ask less of the user and show more, which is the shape this view has taken since.

  1. Bret Victor For a majority subset of software, called “information software,” I argue that interactivity is actually a curse for users and a crutch for designers, and users’ goals can be better satisfied through other means. worrydream.com

    Interface designer and researcher

    For a majority subset of software, called “information software,” I argue that interactivity is actually a curse for users and a crutch for designers, and users’ goals can be better satisfied through other means.

A viewour reading

The buttons survive: chat gets married to controls, because showing what can be done still wins

6 claims filed here, newest first — each in the words of whoever said it.

Users split into two camps on seeing an agent's work, and the split has not faded as trust builds, so an interface has to balance both.

  1. Luke Wroblewski I initially assumed this was a temporary divide. New users tend to watch closely and check the system's progress, but as trust builds, that scrutiny fades and monitoring starts to feel like a chore. Yet it still seems like there's two camps (for now). lukew.com

    Product designer and entrepreneur

    I initially assumed this was a temporary divide. New users tend to watch closely and check the system's progress, but as trust builds, that scrutiny fades and monitoring starts to feel like a chore. Yet it still seems like there's two camps (for now).

Chat is not AI's final form: agent-based applications increasingly outperform chat-only ones, and many different interfaces for AI will emerge.

  1. Luke Wroblewski It's also worth noting that chat isn't the only way to integrate AI in software products and increasingly agent-based applications outperform chat-only solutions. So expect things to keep changing. lukew.com

    Product designer and entrepreneur

    It's also worth noting that chat isn't the only way to integrate AI in software products and increasingly agent-based applications outperform chat-only solutions. So expect things to keep changing.

The most powerful rule for an exceptional interface is that it feels obvious to use; novelty, minimalism and simplicity are means to that, not the end.

Also filed under what makes a design good; here because obviousness is the case this view makes for keeping the buttons.

  1. Julie Zhuo Sometimes designers will go to great lengths to make a user interface novel, or minimal, or simple. This is the wrong goal. Novelty, minimalism or simplicity are good heuristics for obviousness, but do not mistake the means for the end. lg.substack.com

    Co-founder of Sundial; former vice president of product…

    Sometimes designers will go to great lengths to make a user interface novel, or minimal, or simple. This is the wrong goal. Novelty, minimalism or simplicity are good heuristics for obviousness, but do not mistake the means for the end.

ChatGPT exploded because of its obvious chat interface, not its technology, which had launched earlier in a different wrapper that few noticed.

  1. Julie Zhuo The technology powering ChatGPT had already launched prior to November 30th, 2022. It was just wrapped in a different interface. Very few people paid attention. Why did ChatGPT explode in popularity? Because of its obvious chat interface, which everyone intuitively already knew how to use it. lg.substack.com

    Co-founder of Sundial; former vice president of product…

    The technology powering ChatGPT had already launched prior to November 30th, 2022. It was just wrapped in a different interface. Very few people paid attention. Why did ChatGPT explode in popularity? Because of its obvious chat interface, which everyone intuitively already knew how to use it.

The graphical user interface will survive AI in a less dominant role: future AI systems will have hybrid interfaces that combine intent and command.

  1. Jakob Nielsen Thus, the 2nd UI paradigm will survive, albeit in a less dominant role. Future AI systems will likely have a hybrid user interface that combines elements of both intent-based and command-based interfaces while still retaining many GUI elements. jakobnielsenphd.substack.com

    Usability pioneer; co-founder of Nielsen Norman Group and…

    Thus, the 2nd UI paradigm will survive, albeit in a less dominant role. Future AI systems will likely have a hybrid user interface that combines elements of both intent-based and command-based interfaces while still retaining many GUI elements.

Information software design is graphic design: a software designer who decides what the user will see is doing graphic design whether she realizes it or not.

  1. Bret Victor When the software designer defines the visual representation of her program, when she describes the pictures that the user will interpret, she is doing graphic design, whether she realizes this or not. worrydream.com

    Interface designer and researcher

    When the software designer defines the visual representation of her program, when she describes the pictures that the user will interpret, she is doing graphic design, whether she realizes this or not.

A viewour reading

The failure is the glass itself: hands, materials and physical feedback are what an interface owes us

9 claims filed here, newest first — each in the words of whoever said it.

AR is the next paradigm shift in computing, the way the GUI, multi-touch and voice were.

  1. Sundar Pichai The best innovations in computing have come through a paradigm IO change, right? When with GUI, and then with a graphical user interface, and then with multi-touch in the context of mobile voice later on. Similarly, I feel like AR is that next paradigm. 1:38:09 · youtube.com

    CEO of Google and Alphabet

    The best innovations in computing have come through a paradigm IO change, right? When with GUI, and then with a graphical user interface, and then with multi-touch in the context of mobile voice later on. Similarly, I feel like AR is that next paradigm.

Skeuomorphism never meant gloss and gradients; it meant easing users from what they were used to into what things had become.

  1. Sebastiaan de With It actually means that to make it easier for users to transition from something they were used to — in this case, phones typically being slabs with a grid of buttons on them — to what things had become — phones were all-screen, so they could show any kind of button or interface imaginable. lux.camera

    Designer and co-founder of Lux, makers of Halide

    It actually means that to make it easier for users to transition from something they were used to — in this case, phones typically being slabs with a grid of buttons on them — to what things had become — phones were all-screen, so they could show any kind of button or interface imaginable.

Interfaces are returning to skeuomorphism, but as behaviour rather than lacquer: clear, graphic elements that act like materials from the real world.

  1. Sebastiaan de With We’ve come back, in a sense, to skeuomorphic interfaces — but this time not with a lacquer resembling a material. Instead, the interface is clear, graphic and behaves like things we know from the real world, or might exist in the world. This is what the new skeuomorphism is. It, too, is physicality. lux.camera

    Designer and co-founder of Lux, makers of Halide

    We’ve come back, in a sense, to skeuomorphic interfaces — but this time not with a lacquer resembling a material. Instead, the interface is clear, graphic and behaves like things we know from the real world, or might exist in the world. This is what the new skeuomorphism is. It, too, is physicality.

Opaque, inert, obstructive interface elements will become as niche as the full-screen command line once interfaces are infused with dynamic materials.

  1. Sebastiaan de With Opaque, inert and obstructive elements might occupy the same place as full-screen command line interfaces — a powerful niche UI that was a marker in history, passed on by the windowed environment of the multi-tasking, graphical user interface revolution. lux.camera

    Designer and co-founder of Lux, makers of Halide

    Opaque, inert and obstructive elements might occupy the same place as full-screen command line interfaces — a powerful niche UI that was a marker in history, passed on by the windowed environment of the multi-tasking, graphical user interface revolution.

The best touch interfaces are physical buttons; on a screen, to feel tactile is to move without latency.

  1. Craig Mod Excellent touch interfaces feel tactile. The best “touch interfaces,” in my opinion, are actual buttons, things with physicality, haptics. But on a screen, to feel tactile is to move without latency. craigmod.com

    Writer, photographer and software maker based in Japan

    Excellent touch interfaces feel tactile. The best “touch interfaces,” in my opinion, are actual buttons, things with physicality, haptics. But on a screen, to feel tactile is to move without latency.

Touchscreens are pictures under glass, a transitional technology; calling them the future of interaction is like calling black-and-white the future of photography.

  1. Bret Victor To me, claiming that Pictures Under Glass is the future of interaction is like claiming that black-and-white is the future of photography. It's obviously a transitional technology. And the sooner we transition, the better. worrydream.com

    Interface designer and researcher

    To me, claiming that Pictures Under Glass is the future of interaction is like claiming that black-and-white is the future of photography. It's obviously a transitional technology. And the sooner we transition, the better.

Hands feel things and hands manipulate things, and most visions of future interfaces ignore both.

  1. Bret Victor Hands do two things. They are two utterly amazing things, and you rely on them every moment of the day, and most Future Interaction Concepts completely ignore both of them. worrydream.com

    Interface designer and researcher

    Hands do two things. They are two utterly amazing things, and you rely on them every moment of the day, and most Future Interaction Concepts completely ignore both of them.

The future of interaction is a choice, not something that happens to us: people choose which visions to pursue and which research to fund.

  1. Bret Victor The most important thing to realize about the future is that it's a choice. People choose which visions to pursue, people choose which research gets funded, people choose how they will spend their careers. worrydream.com

    Interface designer and researcher

    The most important thing to realize about the future is that it's a choice. People choose which visions to pursue, people choose which research gets funded, people choose how they will spend their careers.

With an entire body at our command, the future of interaction should not be a single finger.

  1. Bret Victor With an entire body at your command, do you seriously think the Future Of Interaction should be a single finger? worrydream.com

    Interface designer and researcher

    With an entire body at your command, do you seriously think the Future Of Interaction should be a single finger?

Read, and under none of the views

On the topic, but saying something the views above do not cover.

Building a command-line interface is almost always a good idea; building a terminal UI almost never is

  1. Thomas Ptacek CLIs have purposes for which they’re irreplaceable. Building a CLI is almost always a good idea. Building a TUI almost never is. sockpuppet.org

    Security engineer; founder of Matasano Security and Latacora

    CLIs have purposes for which they’re irreplaceable. Building a CLI is almost always a good idea. Building a TUI almost never is.

Production systems need a command-line interface, not a user interface running on the server

  1. Thomas Ptacek The problem with this argument is that you probably don’t need a user interface on prod. You need a command line interface on prod that a user interface on your Macbook can drive. sockpuppet.org

    Security engineer; founder of Matasano Security and Latacora

    The problem with this argument is that you probably don’t need a user interface on prod. You need a command line interface on prod that a user interface on your Macbook can drive.

Minimizing network round trips is essential to a good user experience, because bandwidth keeps improving and latency will not.

  1. Guillermo Rauch The bandwidth capacity of your users' connections might improve noticeably, as it steadily has, but the latency needle won't move much at all. This means that minimizing the number of roundtrips you make to display information on page is essential to great user experience and responsiveness. rauchg.com

    CEO of Vercel; creator of Next.js and Socket.IO

    The bandwidth capacity of your users' connections might improve noticeably, as it steadily has, but the latency needle won't move much at all. This means that minimizing the number of roundtrips you make to display information on page is essential to great user experience and responsiveness.

JavaScript should act immediately on user input to mask network latency, which should remove most spinners and loading messages.

  1. Guillermo Rauch JavaScript allows us to mask network latency altogether. Applying this as a design principle should even remove most spinners or “loading” messages from your applications. rauchg.com

    CEO of Vercel; creator of Next.js and Socket.IO

    JavaScript allows us to mask network latency altogether. Applying this as a design principle should even remove most spinners or “loading” messages from your applications.

On this topic, not yet placed

Matched by wording, not yet read into a view. The archive grows on its own, so this is where new claims wait for somebody to read them.

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