Paying parents large sums of cash directly is the pronatal policy most likely to work, because every indirect policy has to guess what the real obstacle is.

housing What a place to live costs and why: how much gets built, zoning, and who is blamed for the price.

demographics Who there will be: birth rates, population decline, and what a shrinking cohort does to everything downstream.

education How children are taught and tested: schools, tutoring, what a lesson at the right level does, and what AI changes.