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Nicole Forsgren

Nicole Forsgren

@nicole-forsgren · 18 positions · On ppll ↗

Researcher of software delivery performance, co-author of "Accelerate" and of the DORA, SPACE and DevEx frameworks, and author of "Frictionless".

Nicole Forsgren did not write this page.

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8 of Nicole Forsgren's claims fit 3 mental models. Most often: Bottlenecks, Feedback loops, Trade-offs.

Models they name

Their own words name the idea.

Bottlenecks

A system moves only as fast as its narrowest point; speed up anything else and nothing changes.

Used by 88 others

AI did not create the bottlenecks in software delivery; it threw gas on processes everybody already knew were weak.

  1. Nicole Forsgren Researcher of software delivery performance There were a handful of people probably managing a security review process or a launch process or a deployment process or, you know, sometimes reviews were a little slow and they got backed up. Well, now we just threw gas on the fire and so all of that is a problem. Nicole Forsgren: Leading high-performing engineering teams in the age of AI - The Pragmatic Summityoutube.com · 22 Mar 2026 · 2:18 into the videoAll korrents from this video
    There were a handful of people probably managing a security review process or a launch process or a deployment process or, you know, sometimes reviews were a little slow and they got backed up. Well, now we just threw gas on the fire and so all of that is a problem.

Delivery will keep being slow until companies apply AI to the human, business-process half of it, not just to coding.

  1. Nicole Forsgren Researcher of software delivery performance a lot of companies haven't started until now thinking about how we could apply AI to the very human, very business process part of it. And so, that will keep slowing us down until we find a way to to address it, right? Nicole Forsgren: Leading high-performing engineering teams in the age of AI - The Pragmatic Summityoutube.com · 22 Mar 2026 · 5:41 into the videoAll korrents from this video
    a lot of companies haven't started until now thinking about how we could apply AI to the very human, very business process part of it. And so, that will keep slowing us down until we find a way to to address it, right?

AI sped up the part of software work we could see, and it is the delivery systems downstream that are now being overwhelmed.

  1. Nicole Forsgren Researcher of software delivery performance And so, like in the immediate term, yeah, we were getting more out, but now our systems, whether technology systems or human systems or processes, are really kind of getting overwhelmed. Nicole Forsgren: Leading high-performing engineering teams in the age of AI - The Pragmatic Summityoutube.com · 22 Mar 2026 · 2:42 into the videoAll korrents from this video
    And so, like in the immediate term, yeah, we were getting more out, but now our systems, whether technology systems or human systems or processes, are really kind of getting overwhelmed.

Review became a worse bottleneck under AI, because companies removed the review automation they had once AI started writing the code.

  1. Nicole Forsgren Researcher of software delivery performance And not only that, but like humans were already a bit of a bottleneck in the review process. Now it can be worse because things that we fairly straightforward changes that some companies had automation around reviewing, they've removed that reviewing because if AI is involved and they're worried about the verifiability or the reliability of the code. Nicole Forsgren: Leading high-performing engineering teams in the age of AI - The Pragmatic Summityoutube.com · 22 Mar 2026 · 3:17 into the videoAll korrents from this video
    And not only that, but like humans were already a bit of a bottleneck in the review process. Now it can be worse because things that we fairly straightforward changes that some companies had automation around reviewing, they've removed that reviewing because if AI is involved and they're worried about the verifiability or the reliability of the code.

Release management is human group sense-making, and it does not scale to the volume of change AI now produces.

  1. Nicole Forsgren Researcher of software delivery performance so many times that process has been managed by humans because you're selecting the right candidate build and you're verifying it and you're thinking, you know, you're figuring out cherry picks and then you like rebundle and then you send it out and that doesn't scale if you have one or two or a handful of people trying to make group decisions and do group sense making. Nicole Forsgren: Leading high-performing engineering teams in the age of AI - The Pragmatic Summityoutube.com · 22 Mar 2026 · 3:51 into the videoAll korrents from this video
    so many times that process has been managed by humans because you're selecting the right candidate build and you're verifying it and you're thinking, you know, you're figuring out cherry picks and then you like rebundle and then you send it out and that doesn't scale if you have one or two or a handful of people trying to make group decisions and do group sense making.

Feedback loops

Shorten the loop between doing and finding out; whatever a loop rewards is what you become.

Used by 62 others

Fast feedback is no longer straightforwardly good: agent-speed loops make you rebuild your mental model dozens of times in half an hour.

  1. Nicole Forsgren Researcher of software delivery performance Well, now I'm getting feedback so quickly that I'm having to sometimes rebuild my mental model dozens of times in like a 30-minute period. Nicole Forsgren: Leading high-performing engineering teams in the age of AI - The Pragmatic Summityoutube.com · 22 Mar 2026 · 10:50 into the videoAll korrents from this video
    Well, now I'm getting feedback so quickly that I'm having to sometimes rebuild my mental model dozens of times in like a 30-minute period.

The front end of software work has already collapsed into rapid prototyping, and part of the outer loop will collapse next.

  1. Nicole Forsgren Researcher of software delivery performance right now, that whole front end has been like kind of smooshed because many times we can just like prototype really really rapidly and kind of solidify some of what we're thinking in terms of like ideas and coding. So I fully expect that part of the outer loop is just going to be collapsed as well, right? Nicole Forsgren: Leading high-performing engineering teams in the age of AI - The Pragmatic Summityoutube.com · 22 Mar 2026 · 30:41 into the videoAll korrents from this video
    right now, that whole front end has been like kind of smooshed because many times we can just like prototype really really rapidly and kind of solidify some of what we're thinking in terms of like ideas and coding. So I fully expect that part of the outer loop is just going to be collapsed as well, right?

Models we see in what they say

Our reading: their claim applies the idea without naming it. The claim is theirs; filing it here is ours.

Trade-offs

Every choice gives something up, so name the cost; and check, because some trade-offs everyone assumes are not real.

Used by 61 others

The processes organisations build to make work uniform are usually the same processes that slow the work down.

  1. Nicole Forsgren Researcher of software delivery performance Or like all of the the things that we have structured process around to try to make things more uniform are often the things that slow us down. Nicole Forsgren: Leading high-performing engineering teams in the age of AI - The Pragmatic Summityoutube.com · 22 Mar 2026 · 5:22 into the videoAll korrents from this video
    Or like all of the the things that we have structured process around to try to make things more uniform are often the things that slow us down.