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Chokepoints and Moats

Richard Rumelt · 14 Oct 2026

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  1. So what does Nvidia have that is so special? It has CUDA, the language that most AI runs on. CUDA has two decades of software libraries and developer tools. Graduate schools teach it. It has kernel-level optimizations so that Nvidia’s GPU is the thing you use to test out your new idea at 6 p.m. The Nvidia chip is the castle inside the CUDA moat.
  2. Google’s open-source moves aim to drain that moat. If Nvidia’s strength comes from having a familiar software stack, then releasing an open-source stack that will work on TPUs lowers the switching costs for developers. Yes, the battle over hardware is important. But the real chokepoint being fought over is the developer stacks.

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