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The Kardashev ladder ignores the second law: harvesting a planet's worth of energy produces waste heat that changes the planet's climate.
Drawn from what Adam Frank said
Subjectenergy
What Adam Frank actually said
- Adam Frank Professor of astrophysics at the University of Rochester
There's the first law of thermodynamics, which is just about the different forms of energy. Then there's the second law, which is about when you use that energy, Kardashev wasn't thinking about the second law. If you get all that energy and you use it, there is waste heat. You don't get to use it all.
Added to korrents 7 Sept 2026 · How quotes work · Something wrong? Tell us
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